Beginning in late 2008, Ireland experienced a fiscal crisis. This resulted in November 2010 in agreement between the Irish government and the European Central Bank, the European Commission and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) – known collectively as ‘the Troika’ – whereby the latter...

The use of environmental taxes in Europe is widening and more tax bases are being used. The EEA reports on developments in the use and impact of environmental taxes and on progress made with ecological tax reform.

The use of environmental taxes in Europe is widening and more tax bases are being used. The EEA reports on developments in the use and impact of environmental taxes and on progress made with ecological tax reform.

This report presents an assessment of the main and most recent developments in the use of market-based instruments in European environmental policy. The report covers a range of instruments which are used as tools to achieve environmental objectives. These instruments include: environmental...

This report presents an assessment of the main and most recent developments in the use of market-based instruments in European environmental policy. The report covers a range of instruments which are used as tools to achieve environmental objectives. These instruments include: environmental...