manufacturing sectors of European countries between 1997 and 2009. By and large, the literature has analyzed the impact of … indicators for the "strong" PH. This approach allows us to account for potential opportunity costs of induced innovations. As a …

are informational costs with regard to abatement options and costs, relatively small emitters and emitters with relatively … complex technology will face a threshold for evaluating abatement options and costs. We compare the EU ETS to the US SO2 … services (i.e. assistance in permit trading), play a crucial role to reduce transactions costs. Given high complexity of …

Environmental regulations raise production costs at regulated firms, though in most cases the costs are only a small … fraction of a firm's total costs. Productivity tends to fall, and firms may shift new investment and production to locations … much larger than the costs of compliance. …

; manufacturing ; Germany …

This paper estimates the social costs of job loss due to environmental regulation. Per job lost, potential social costs … of job loss are high, plausibly over $100,000 in present value costs (2012 dollars) per permanently lost job. However …, these social costs will typically be far less than the earnings associated with lost jobs, because labor markets and workers …