This paper investigates alternative estimates of the Non-Observed Economy (NOE) for 12 new European Union (EU) Member Countries during the transition period by an exploration of the reliability of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) figures. The authors analyze several methodologies applied in...

The purpose of this paper is to try to analyze the Shadow Economy (SE) and its determinants by means of the Structural Equation Model (SEM)-Partial Least Squares (PLS). The overall topic of the SEM-PLS approach is controversially debated in the literature. In the past decades, the focus on the...