, notably those who are second–earners, younger or older, or from poorer socioeconomic backgrounds. Furthermore, the incentives …

affected by the episodes of economic volatility since 1995 reveals the failure of the traditional, Labor Law-based income …

shrink. This adjustment process creates both a demand for labor in some sectors and job losses in others. Government policies … to cushion the impact of adjustment and facilitate the movement of labor from declining to rising sectors are discussed. …

, high long-term unemployment, stagnant or declining wages for low-to-medium skill jobs owing to adverse labor demand shifts …The depth of the Great Recession, the slow recovery of job creation, the downward trend in labor force participation …, and a greater rebound in low-wage than mid- or higher-wage jobs, raised concerns that the normal business cycle dynamics …

institutional set-up of the labor market. It looks at the role of the reservation wage for the lower segment of the labor market and … discusses the impact of contributions to social security on the demand for labor. …

participation are given in the second part of the paper. Detailed analyses of the forces behind the participation rates for …