create the very first police department, the phrase that the ‘police are the public, and the public are the police' was …. Unwittingly perhaps, this set the stage for efforts to create modern day police departments that are inclusive of the general … countries, the need to recruit a more ethnically and racially diverse police service has been a pressing concern for several …

What can explain variation in police abuse across America’s largest enforcement agencies? This question is salient …, special interest group, American politics, and criminology literature, this thesis argues that police union mechanisms …, specifically police protections, can explain variation in police abuse. The study employs an originally constructed index of police …

police forces tasked with preventing crime. We study the 1829 formation of the London Metropolitan Police - the first … professional force worldwide. Using newly digitized and geocoded crime and police data together with difference-indifferences and …