We estimate calories available to workers' households in the USA, Belgium, Britain, France and Germany in 1890/1. We employ data from the United States Commissioner of Labor survey (see Haines, 1979) of workers in key export industries. We estimate that households in the USA, on average, had...

"In the 1970s, the economic and social foundations of Western Europe underwent an unprecedented transformation. Old industries like coal and steel disappeared, millions of people lost their jobs and formerly flourishing towns and cities went into decline. Traditional political agendas gave way...

In den siebziger Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts wurden viele Staaten Westeuropas von einem beispiellosen Strukturwandel erfasst: Die Fabriken der alten Industrien verschwanden, Millionen von Arbeitsplätzen gingen verloren, vormals boomende Städte gerieten in die Krise und neue soziale Fragen...