Background: Valuation is a critical part of the costing process in health economic evaluations. However, an overview of specific issues relevant to the European context on harmonizing methodological requirements for the valuation of costs to be used in health economic evaluation is lacking. We...

Historically, the NHS did not routinely collect cost data, unlike many countries with private insurance markets. In 1998, for the first time the government mandated NHS trusts to submit estimates of their costs of service, known as reference costs. These have informed a wide range of health...

The medical marketplace / Mark S. R. Jenner & Patrick Wallis -- Medical economies in fifteenth-century England / Robert Ralley -- Competition and cooperation in the early modern medical economy / Patrick Wallis -- The rural medical marketplace in southern England c.1570-1720 / Ian Mortimer --...