The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology which can be used to set X-factor under price cap schemes, when the number of observations is limited. We firstly apply a panel index approach across Water and Sewerage companies (WaSCs) over time to decompose unit-specific index number based...

This paper investigates whether high borrowing costs deterred investment in sanitation infrastructure in late nineteenth-century Britain. Town councils had to borrow to fund investment, with considerable variation in interest rates across towns and over time. Panel regressions, using annual data...

1. The character of the environmental challenge -- 2. York's and Edinburgh's sanitation in national, demographic, legal and governmental context -- 3. Civic-funded sanitation services: waste disposal, street cleaning and drainage -- 4. Regulating insanitary nuisances.