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The 50plus1-rule in German football is a controversially discussed institution that regulates investment behavior of … professional football teams. This paper discusses from a sports economics perspective the suspected market failures that the 50plus … in the German Major League Football ("Erste Bundesliga") from the seasons 1989/90 until 2018/2019. Applying various …
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The concept of competitive balance is a central aspect in the literature of sports economics. A popular argumentation of sport functionaries is that dominance of one or a few teams could lead to unequal incomes for the clubs, restrictions in the clubs' ability to improve sporting performance and...
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We show that professional soccer players exhibit reference-dependent behavior during matches. Controlling for the state of the match and for unobserved heterogeneity, we show on a minute-by-minute basis that a player breaches the rules of the game, measured by the referee's assignment of cards,...
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