national employment levels. However, economic research suggests that these effects are uncertain and critically depend on how … public wages are determined. Rigid public sector wages lead to perverse effects on private employment, while flexible public … wages lead to a stabilizing effect. Public employment also has important productivity and redistributive effects. …

to regulate the size of the public sector in order to stabilize targeted national employment levels. However, economic … sector wages lead to perverse effects on private employment, while flexible public wages lead to a stabilizing effect. Public … employment also has important productivity and redistributive effects. …

In this paper, we analyse differences in the cyclical pattern of employment and wages of immigrants and natives for two … cycle component. We find significantly larger unemployment responses to economic shocks for low-skilled workers relative to …