This paper addresses the question whether adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is associated with low earnings management in unlisted companies in three European countries. Therefore, this paper investigates whether companies that have adopted IFRS voluntarily engage...

The globalization of markets and companies has increased the demand for internationally comparable high quality accounting information resulting from a common set of accounting rules. Despite remarkable efforts of international harmonization for more than 25 years, accounting regulation is still...