Is the education-health gradient inflated because both education and health are associated with unobserved socio …-fixed effects to address that much of the observed education-health gradient reflects associations rather than causal relationships …. There are education-health gradients even within sibling pairs; personality facets reduce these gradients by 30% or more …

Is the education-health gradient inflated because both education and health are associated with unobserved socio …-fixed effects to address that much of the observed education-health gradient reflects associations rather than causal relationships …. There are education-health gradients even within sibling pairs; personality facets reduce these gradients by 30% or more …

challenge by raising education spending and expanding the capacity of the education system in key areas such as pre …-primary education and increasing participation in education beyond the age of 16. Nevertheless, performance on international tests of … cognitive ability remains significantly below the standards of the best performing OECD countries and the education system seems …