The regulatory system has taken 150 years to develop in the US. Even today it is far from unified with four supervisory "agencies" overseeing banking organizations, i.e., 50 State Regulatory bodies, the OCC, the FDIC and the Federal Reserve, with a wide variety of individual and often...

Commissioned by the Toronto Financial Services Alliance (TFSA), this report provides a high level comparison of the regulatory environment that impacts the financial services industry in some of the main jurisdictions based on relevant instrumental factors, responses to an online questionnaire...

look at the development and regulation of fixed income securities markets in Europe. Fixed income securities markets in Europe have historically been characterized by a number of national markets that were interconnected by way of foreign exchange markets. They are presently undergoing major...

This article reviews the impact of Brexit on the European System of Financial Supervision (ESFS) and claims that the withdrawal of the United Kingdom will lead to more centralisation of supervision at EU level and a tightening of the supervision over third countries' markets actors. This...

This in-depth analysis provides evidence on differences in the practice of supervising large banks in the UK and in the euro area. It identifies the diverging institutional architecture (partially supranationalised vs. national oversight) as a pivotal determinant for a higher effectiveness of...