The employment effect of large firms on small firms has rarely been studied. Using establishment data in Japan, this study examines firms with the top 1% of sales, comparing the effect of such firms with many employees (more than the small- and medium-sized enterprise thresholds or 1000...

This study analyzes the difference in the decline in sales between small and medium-size enterprises and large firms (the "gap") following the outbreak of COVID-19 in 19 developing countries. The decline in sales as a percentage of the pre-pandemic level was bigger for small and medium-size...