James Michael Curley, a four-time mayor of Boston, used wasteful redistribution to his poor Irish constituents and incendiary rhetoric to encourage richer citizens to emigrate from Boston, thereby shaping the electorate in his favor. As a consequence, Boston stagnated, but Curley kept winning...

In 2000, as part of Tony Blairﾒs promised devolution of British government, an election was held for a newly created political office: The Mayor of Greater London. After being denied the Party nomination, Labour MP Ken Livingstone chose to run as an independent candidate and was expelled from...