This paper develops a method for joint estimation of both the degree of internal returns to scale and the extent of external economies. We apply the method in estimating returns to scale indexes for U.S. manufacturing industries at the two-digit level. Overall, we find that only three of the...

We discuss general equilibrium effects of endowment changes in a small open and competitive economy with scale diseconomies. We argue that adverse Rybczynski effects may be observed when inputs are both superior and gross substitutes in the aggregate. The analysis is based on cost functions and...