Liquidity and solvency are conditional for banks' existence. They are endangered during banking crises. Since the banking crises of the National Banking Era in the USA are no exceptions, the question remains whether the foundation of the Federal Reserve System offered an adequate solution to the...

"Since the 1960s, scholars and other commentators have frequently announced the imminent decline of American financial power : excessive speculation and debt are believed to have undermined the long-term basis of a stable U.S.-led financial order. But the American financial system has repeatedly...