projects. To reduce emissions efficiently requires equalizing the marginal costs of reduction between countries. The apparently … large differentials between the costs of reducing emissions in industrial and developing countries implies a great potential … for lowering the costs of reducing emissions by focusing on projects in developing countries. Most proposals for joint …

renewable energies such as wind and solar PV. This study assesses the costs of alternative low-carbon electricity systems …

are unevenly distributed, however, with Annex I countries that have the highest autarkic marginal abatement costs tending …