U.S. livestock production has shifted to much larger and more specialized farms, and the various stages of input provision, farm production, and processing are now much more tightly coordinated through formal contracts and shared ownership of assets. Important financial advantages have driven...

This article tries to estimate the operating efficiency among 30 years (1989-2018) in the information technology (IT) industry, where technologies are everchanging. The balanced panel data model of Kneip et al. is extended to an unbalanced panel data model for more generic applications. The...