examines the skill-enhancing effects of several youth programs and demonstrations, with an emphasis on how well these efforts … raise non-academic skills directly through purposeful activities or indirectly as a result of other employment …

In a speech to high school graduates in Topeka, Kansas, in May 2014, First Lady Michelle Obama told graduates, "I am so … seen success. Achieving success will be more difficult than it was in the past. Millennials are different from the youth of … in life. It is time someone told the full story of the betrayal of America's youth. America is facing a crisis. The …

. Thus, apprentices correlate with slower adoption of skillreplacing technologies, but also less employment polarization. We … employment polarization related to apprentices, but similar displacement of non-apprentices as in the US. … model with two key features is developed: (1) apprentices are more productive due to industry-specific training, but (2 …