of the GDP growth rate represents an economic trend and is inversely proportional to the attained level of real GDP per … the economic trend and is defined as a half of the growth rate of the number of 9-year-olds. This nonlinear relationship … between the growth rate of real GDP per capita and the number of 9-year-olds in the USA is tested for cointegration. For …

evolution of the RER, that more appreciated RERs are less predictable, that RER depreciations lower output growth and that RER … uncertainty lowers output growth, even when controlling for its wellstudied effect on trade. By contrast, none of these effects …