Adopting a neo-structural perspective (Moore, 1990; Ibarra, 1995; Burt, 1995, 1998; Lin, 1995; Lazega, 2011, 2012), the present paper investigates the societal and organizational resistances (structural effect) and the relational biases (networking effect) hindering the professional advancement of...

The paper discusses the European Union as a union of primarily small European states, a union whose parallel emphasis on efficiency and fairness, including deep respect for human rights, holds the key to Europe's economic and social advances over the years. The paper shows that adjusting...

We make use of predicted social and civic activities (social capital) to account for selection into "social" occupations. Individual selection accounts for more than the total difference in wages observed between social and nonsocial occupations. The role that individual social capital plays in...

According to different types of studies conducted in recent years, not natural but social factors will constitute a major barrier in the process of achieving sustainable development. The barrier will be quickly noticed in the countries and regions of low social capital. The purpose of this...