to answer this question. A union monitors establishments in an industry to learn about their productivity and decides …

correlated with changes in total factor productivity. We also analyze a sample of first-time atentees, and find significant … total factor productivity is slightly weaker. Together, these results suggest that patenting is indeed associated with real … findings are robust to alternative measures of size, scope and productivity, and to various sample selection criteria …

Competition increases firm productivity, but in network industries, effective competition requires the vertical …