reduced maternal mortality by 6 to 7 percent. In addition, we find that requiring midwives to be licensed may have had led to … modest reductions in nonwhite infant mortality and mortality among children under the age of 2 from diarrhea. These estimates …. Exploiting variation across states and municipalities in the timing and details of midwifery laws introduced during the period …

patient demand. The model is identified by migration of patients and physicians across areas, as well as by variation in … separates variation in average utilization of Medicare beneficiaries due to physicians, non-physician supply side factors, and … within-area matching. We find that physicians vary greatly in the intensity with which they treat otherwise similar patients …

whom patients may see to treat their ailments. This paper will argue that the struggle to define who is and who is not … licensed to practice medicine is rather fruitless and will always leave patients with less choice than they desire. Part II …