Water quality trading between point and nonpoint sources is of great interest as an alternative to strict command and control regulations on point sources for achieving water quality goals. The expectation is that trading will reduce the costs of water quality protection, and may speed...

In many regions of the U.S., low dissolved oxygen (DO) is a common freshwater impairment. States, territories, and tribes of the U.S. are required by federal law to develop Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for waters not meeting established DO standards. Regulators and other professionals are...

Although the U.S. Congress established the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) program in the original Clean Water Act of 1972, Section 303(d), it did not receive attention until the 1990s. Currently, two methods are available for tracking pollution in the environment and assessing the effectiveness...