During the 2007-09 financial crisis, there were severe reductions in the liquidity of financial markets, runs on the shadow banking system, and destabilizing defaults and near-defaults of major financial institutions. In response, the Federal Reserve, in its role as lender of last resort (LOLR),...

"It is a bedrock principle of the US Constitution that Congress, as representatives of the people, sets economic policy and directs government resources. This all changed thirteen years ago, and even more dramatically during the pandemic. The Federal Reserve operates independently from the rest...

Introduction -- "Too Clubby to Fail": Wall Street Banks Win, Thrifts and Community Banks Lose -- Increased Risk Taking Due to Deregulation -- Deregulation, Politics, and Criminal Prosecutions -- The Four Major Waves of Change in the 1990s That -- Laid the Groundwork for the 2008 Financial Crisis...

The past two decades have seen the construction of a tiered system of international liquidity provision, the first tier including those whose credit is sufficient for a swap line with the Fed, the second tier including those who can offer acceptable collateral to the Fed, and the third tier...