We examine the poverty rates and the income configurations among Japan and the LIS countries. The LIS countries are … Germany, Italy, the UK, Denmark, the US, and Taiwan. We divide household including elderly into five types: living alone … decreasing recently in Japan. In Japan and Taiwan even in households cohabiting with children, the poverty rates and income …

Changes in household structures and employment patterns alter the balance between households with an above- versus a … below-average poverty risk while also affecting relative income poverty thresholds. Examining eleven countries for which … household composition and employment exhibited some common features but also very substantial variation. The share of single …

price index, the best adjustment for changes in household size, and the best treatment of noncash benefits. In addition, one … must reconcile discrepancies between trends in income and consumption. Since there is no consensus on any of these matters … conditions, neighborhood safety, motor vehicle ownership, telephone service, regular medical checkups, and food consumption …