due to the burning of bituminous coal for heat. We estimate the effects of this bituminous coal consumption on mortality … within-state changes in mortality in non-winter months as an additional control group. Our estimates suggest that reductions … in the use of bituminous coal for heating between 1945 and 1960 decreased winter all-age mortality by 1.25 percent and …

uses newly assembled historical data on annual mortality across 438 U.S. cities to explore the determinants of pandemic … mortality. We assess the role of three broad factors: i) pre-pandemic population health and poverty, ii) air pollution, and iii … the distribution of pre-pandemic infant mortality had 21 excess deaths per 10,000 residents in 1918 relative to cities in …