children's well-being: time and money. We document trends in parental employment, from the perspective of children, and show … what underlies these trends. We find that increases in family work hours mainly reflect movements into jobs by parents who … working parents spend less time engaged in primary childcare than their counterparts without jobs but more than employed peers …

working on the basis of the self-employment occupation of other relatives in their households. Family workers are classified … older) who were likely providing informal and unenumerated labor for market production in support of a family business, that … is, unreported family workers. These individuals are identified as not having a reported occupation, but are likely to be …

working on the basis of the self-employment occupation of other relatives in their households. Family workers are classified … older) who were likely providing informal and unenumerated labor for market production in support of a family business, that … is, unreported family workers. These individuals are identified as not having a reported occupation, but are likely to be …

lapses in implicit childcare−provide a unifying explanation for these patterns. The summer drop in female employment aligns … and gender differences within jobs in the propensity to exit employment over the summer. Summer childcare constraints may … employment-to-population ratio among prime-age US women declines by 1.1 percentage points, whereas male employment rises; women …

2020. We find that male-female gaps in the employment-to-population ratio and hours worked for women with school …-age children have widened but not for those with younger children. Triple-difference estimates are consistent with most of the … reductions observed for women with school-age children being attributable to additional child care responsibilities (the "COVID …

conceptualization of care time. Three separate problems are evident. First, the conventional focus on explicit activities with children … distracts attention from the larger responsibilities of "passive" care, which ranges from time when children are sleeping to … time when they are in the same room but not engaged in an activity with parents. Second, empirical analysis of activity …

parental decisions (labor market, investments in children, and fertility). We merge rich sources of historical information on … family leave policies across the United States since 1973 with over 40 years of survey data covering two generations of … District of Columbia before the enactment of the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) in 1993, we find that the pre …