The impact of children on the labour market outcomes ofwomen relative to men (the "child penalty") is well-documented, yet there is a paucity of evidence on the mechanisms behind it. I use 50 years of data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to explore the importance of gendered norms...

This paper combines personnel records of the U.S. federal government with census data to study how shocks to the gender composition of a large organization can persistently shift gender norms. Exploiting city-by-department variation in the sudden expansion of female clerical employment driven by...

This study tests the effect of relative income - younger people's earning potential relative to their aspirations, as approximated by older families' income - on the proportions married, by sex, in the first fifteen years out of school. It finds that relative income has become a better measure...

This study tests the effect of relative income - younger people's earning potential relative to their aspirations, as approximated by older families' income - on two measures of fertility: the proportion of women with an own child under one year of age, and the proportion of women with at least...