We use census data at the U.S. county-level to provide causal evidence of health benefits of COVID-19 vaccines. Using …

income on infant health. We measure the total amount of pandemic payments received during pregnancy, or the year before birth … economically meaningful effects on infant health. Overall, the findings suggest that income transfers during pregnancy will have … little effect on socioeconomic disparities in infant health …

marginally higher welfare. Finally, we study longer-run consequences for firm leverage and intermediary health when pandemics …

study longer-run consequences for firm leverage and intermediary health when pandemics become the new normal …