Patent protection was introduced for plant biotechnology in the United States in 1985, and it affected crops … crop-specific technology development, I find that the introduction of patent rights increased the development of novel … increase in crop yields. Patent rights, however, could come with potentially significant costs to the consumers of technology …

received over their careers, and employed to highlight the implications of patent institutions for markets in inventions and … for democratization. The United States deliberately created a patent system that differed from existing European systems … in ways that significantly affected the course of technological change. Patent rights in the U.S. helped to define and …

received over their careers, and employed to highlight the implications of patent institutions for markets in inventions and … for democratization. The United States deliberately created a patent system that differed from existing European systems … in ways that significantly affected the course of technological change. Patent rights in the U.S. helped to define and …

received over their careers, and employed to highlight the implications of patent institutions for markets in inventions and … for democratization. The United States deliberately created a patent system that differed from existing European systems … in ways that significantly affected the course of technological change. Patent rights in the U.S. helped to define and …

This article uses the FTC's October 2003 white paper on the U.S. patent system as the point of departure for a plenary … system's two most fundamental economic questions: (1) what things are patentable, and (2) what a patent protects. In each … case it demonstrates, by detailed reference to current U.S. patent law, how far the U.S. system is from providing clear …

criteria of novelty or non-obviousness. In recent decades, many jurisdictions introduced patent reforms to avoid weak patent … applications and improve legal patent quality. In particular, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (AIA), enacted into law in 2011 … any third party to question granted patents, possibly leading to patent revocation or scope reduction. This paper aims to …