BHPS. We show that country of origin, country of residence, and gender are all important determinants of the earnings …

speculation that a gender difference in competitiveness contributes to the gender wage gap. Using data from the NLSY79 and NLSY97 …, we show that women are less likely to be employed in jobs using competitive compensation. The portion of the gender wage … gap explained by gender segregation in compensation schemes is small in the NLSY79 but somewhat larger in the NLSY97 …

empirical strategy exploits differences in market structure across industries to identify the impact of trade on the gender wage … from increased trade should lead to a reduction in the gender wage gap. We compare the change in the residual gender wage … changes in the gender wage gap that are unrelated to competitive pressures. We find that increased competition through trade …