Audit studies testing for discrimination have been criticized because applicants from different groups may not appear … unobservable determinants of productivity can still generate spurious evidence of discrimination in either direction. This paper … shows how to recover an unbiased estimate of discrimination when the correspondence study includes variation in applicant …

participants from a large US university and a large Chinese university. We find little evidence of gender differences across …

This paper tests for racial discrimination in the rental housing market using matched pair audits conducted via e … likelihood of association with either whites or African Americans. Generally, discrimination occurs against African American … names; however, when the content of the e-mail messages insinuates home-seekers with high social class, discrimination is …