The prevailing historical accounts of the formation of the US aircraft “patent pool” in 1917 assume the US government … necessarily intervened to alleviate a patent hold-up among private aircraft manufacturers. We show these accounts to be … no patent barriers in the market dominated by government demand. We show that the notion of the aircraft patent hold …

forward citations patents can receive at the European Patent Office. While a patent can be cited as non-infringing state of … the art, it can also be cited because it threatens the novelty of patent applications ("blocking citations"). Empirical …. This finding adds to the patent value literature by showing that different types of patent citations carry different …

between the propensity to jointly own a patent and proximity in the product market; b) joint patents are associated with less …

and stimulating innovation in the biotechnology sector, some policy levers narrow down the patent potential for …In their animated book 'The Patent Crisis and How the Courts can Solve It', Dan Burk and Mark Lemley give an account of … industry specific differences in the patent system from both a legal and economic perspective. The present article attempts to …

steadily declined, the market value of patents made a large and sustained gain in the new millennium. An additional patent per …

policy statement does not link the need for a robust patent system with the generation of the very technological innovation … must support innovation both upstream and downstream. Avoiding the temptation to resurrect patent hold-up arguments is the … intellectual property (IP) rights results in less innovation, thereby favoring vertical integration. The SEP licensing model …

century. In addition to the funding agency, the data report whether the government has title to the patent ("title" patents …) or funded a patent assigned to a private organization ("license" patents). The data include a large number of "license …" patents that cannot be linked to government funding from patent text or other sources. Combining the historical data with …