cartel characteristics. International conspiracies, global cartels, and bid-rigging schemes are granted lower percentage than …

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the current cartel fine levels of the European Union and the United … results show that on average these cartel overcharges are significantly larger than the criminal fines of either the European …

Justice has great latitude in recommending corporate cartel fines to the federal courts, and its recommendations are nearly … direct test of the optimal deterrence theory of antitrust crimes. Regressions are fitted to a sample of the corporations that …-deterrence model is quite good. We find that U.S. corporate cartel fines are strongly directly related to economic injuries from …

cartels. The number of cartel investigations has not risen appreciably. Moreover, the number of criminal Section 1 cases filed … annually fell. From 1995-99 to 2004-06 cartel cases filed fell by 49%. The number of corporations charged annually dropped … have grown. The total amount of cartel fines imposed is $4.2 billion. While an impressive amount, damages recouped by U …

Criminal cartel cases in the U.S. are at modern lows, spurring questions as to whether the Antitrust Criminal Penalty … program have succeeded in deterring cartel formation – at least among U.S. companies. Our analysis of the Antitrust Case …

global vitamins cartel, using legal and economic analysis and also empirical data to describe the effect. The article … vitamins cartel at the heart of the Empagran matter, describing empirical research done by Author Connor and others. This … research suggests a fundamental and important link between a cartel's activity here and abroad, as well as the importance of …

downstream sellers' cartel. The paper first identifies three economic effects that determine whether suppliers suffer losses due … to a cartel by their customers. We then examine whether suppliers are entitled to claim net losses as damages in the U … position in the EU approves of cartel supplier damage claims. We show that this is consistent with the ECJ case law and in line …

prosecutions data over a long time horizon, 1969–2016, this Article examines the attributes of cartel enforcement over time and the … changing use of tools to assist with detection and punishment. We provide a comprehensive description of critical cartel … descriptive analysis which tends to reveal three broad phases of U.S. cartel enforcement and prosecutions. The most recent data …