prime-age labor incomes of both men and women. Income persistence involving women (daughters and/or mothers) has risen … timing in women's spike in labor force attachment. Parental assortative mating is also an important factor in both countries …

In all Western societies women earn lower wages on average than men. The gender wage gap has existed for many years … progress made by women in the labor market, and the characteristics and causes of remaining gender inequalities. It also covers … use of transfer payments, and the impact of gender roles in immigrant source countries on immigrant women's labor market …