Philanthropy plays a major role in university-based scientific, engineering and medical research in the United States contributing over $4Billion annually to operations, endowment and buildings devoted to research. When combined with endowment income, university research funding from science...

Growing opportunities for academic scientists to commercialize their science has led to a new commercial marketplace. Recent evidence suggests that commercial science participation is characterized by gender stratification. Using interviews with life science faculty at one high-status university...

We analyze longitudinal data on academic careers and conduct interviews with faculty members to determine the scope and causes of the gender gap in patenting among life scientists over a 30-year period show that women faculty members patent at about 40 percent of the rate of men. We find that...