’ competencies, and on the quality and quantity of research produced. Political factors influence the amount of autonomy allotted to …

of the higher education and research institutions. State control leaves little room for academic selfrule or self … impossible for university teachers to pursue an individual research agenda. The university system is chronically underfinanced … applied research in the country. In 2013, doctoral graduation moved from a Soviet-style two-tier system including a PhD and a …