In Germany, but in other countries as well, a trend towards a regionalisation in technol-ogy and innovation policy is clearly evident. This triggers the expectation towards universities to establish regional ties and networks and to exploit the advantages of spatial proximity to other research...

We review and condense the body of literature on the economic returns of public R&D on private R&D and find that: (i) private returns to R&D appear to be large and larger than the returns to alternative investments; (ii) private R&D and R&D subsidies are positively correlated and there is no...

We review and condense the body of literature on the economic returns of public R&D on private R&D and find that: (i) private returns to R&D appear to be large and larger than the returns to alternative investments; (ii) private R&D and R&D subsidies are positively correlated and there is no...

1. Public research enterprises: the changing landscape -- 2. The scientific research process -- 3. Public good versus private good research: the empirical evidence -- 4. Crowding-in versus crowding-out of public good research -- 5. Knowledge creation and the research and development process --...