Introduction -- Overview of international taxation -- Examples of country tax systems -- Manufacturing -- Procurement companies -- Distribution and regional sales companies -- Shipping and air transport -- Value added tax -- Customs duties and tariffs -- The digital economy -- Social security...

If interpreted in a strict legal sense, beneficial ownership rules in tax treaties would have no effect on conduit companies because companies at law own their property and income beneficially. Conversely, a company can never own anything in a substantive sense because economically a company is...