productivity directly, by reallocating resources towards more productive uses, but also indirectly through the effects of increased …

-market participation having generally larger positive effects on productivity and negative effects on unit labor costs. All four channels …, the marginal productivity gains of foreign-ownership are greatly reduced when the firm is already an exporter. Breaking …

in export mix and by firm size. In general, export mix changes are associated with improvements on productivity, although … export mix are more important for firm growth in large firms, but not in terms of productivity. In contrast, SMEs can have a … higher potential for productivity improvement through export product churning but this does not translate necessarily in …