it differs from the effect of two other important types of financial investors: banks and non-bank financial firms. We … conclusions. The shareholding by PE and bank has influence on out-performance but only if either the PE investor or the bank hold … between 75 to 100 percent of firm's shares. The direction of the effect is opposite. PE has a positive, while bank has a …

are regulated, including the need to obtain a charter to operate and explicit and implicit federal guarantees of bank … liabilities to reduce the probability of bank runs. These aspects of banking affect a bankś choice of risk vs. expected return …, which, in turn, affects bank performance. Banks have an incentive to reduce risk to protect the valuable charter from …