-level import competition and firm-level outsourcing. We find that imports from China are much more important than imports from … other low-wage countries. Industry-level import competition from China reduced firm employment and induced skill upgrading …. Import competition from China alone can explain around 30 percent of the total skill upgrading in Belgian manufacturing …

we consider both the impact of global competition through measures of import penetration and the impact of within …

using manufacturing survey data and customs transaction data. We find that Chinese import competition in El Salvador has a … of Chinese import competition in El Salvador reduces the employment of production workers by 2.27%. The negative impact …-percentage-point-increase in the measure of Chinese import competition in El Salvador reduces low-productivity firms TFP by 1 …

indicate that, both industry-level import competition and firm-level outsourcing to China reduce firm employment growth and … Chinese imports is large. Industry import competition from China accounts for 42% (20%) of the within firm increase in the …