development (R&D) in the Russian Federation. Despite substantial R&D investments, Russia has experienced a decline in scientific … output and employment. Nevertheless, the innovation system remains strong in several technological fields. This paper … develops an analytical framework to discuss conditions for technology commercialization, which hinge on the innovation system …

The innovation process is becoming more open. According to the concept of the Triple Helix, this requires the creation … innovation system. The academic spin-off is not only a form of technology transfer, set up at the university but also the … the program of creating academic spin-offs in Russia. The main focus of the study is to analyze the affiliation of …

specialized commercialization capabilities. According to the predominant framework, if the innovation is protected by a strong … appropriabilty regime the optimal strategy is to license the innovation to an incumbent product firm. This paper argues by contrast … commercialize alone or to pursue a hybrid arrangement (called co-promotion) whereby it licenses the innovation but retains the …