In this paper we focus on proximity as one of the main determinants of international collaboration in pharmaceutical … pairs of countries as explained by the geographical, cognitive, institutional, social, and cultural dimensions of proximity … countries. The amount of previous collaborations, as a proxy for social proximity, is positively related to the number of cross …

Spatial proximity is assumed in the literature to be a prerequisite and trigger for cooperation and, subsequently …, innovation. This paper examines conceptually the role of proximity between actors for cooperation activities. Using theories and … development of professional collaborative relationships and the role that spatial proximity plays. Thereby the paper stays on the …