This paper studies the “confidential holdings” of institutional investors, especially hedge funds, where the quarter-end equity holdings are disclosed with a significant delay through amendments to the Form 13F. Our evidence supports hiding private information as the dominant motive for...

Global outsourcing has become an economic imperative for many major corporations worldwide, but at the same time, it has brought substantial risks and uncertainties to these firms. In this study, we examine whether global outsourcing of goods or services shapes U.S. corporate disclosure...

This paper analyzes how corporate disclosure has been reshaped by machine processors, employed by algorithmic traders, robot investment advisors, and quantitative analysts. Our findings indicate that increasing machine and AI readership, proxied by machine downloads, motivates firms to prepare...