, however, estimates have remained broadly stable. Our results reveal more significant spatial variation: Large cities offer net … benefits in production, but not in consumption, whereas small locations close to large cities ("satellites") experience …

efficient operation of cities by facilitating business activities and improving worker productivity. The literature has devoted … manufacturing firms are more productive in large cities than in smaller ones. Studies of the effect of infrastructure on … productivity show positive, but in some cases statistically insignificant, effects of public capital stock on productivity. Most of …

This study explores the relationship between agglomeration economies and industrial productivity between 1980 and 2010 … in Ecuador. The measure of productivity used is labour productivity. We conclude that urbanization economies have a … positive impact on productivity in the period analyzed. …