The classical foundations of migration research date from the 1880s with Ravenstein's "Laws of migration", which represent the fi rst comparative analyses of internal migration. While his observations remain largely valid, the ensuing century has seen considerable progress in data collection...

Satellite imagery is often used to study and monitor Earth surface changes. The open availability and extensive temporal coverage of Landsat imagery has enabled changes in temperature, wind, vegetation and ice melting speed for a period of up to 46 years. Yet, the use of satellite imagery to...