Considering user heterogeneity in terms of a continuously distributed value of time, we investigate, on the base of so-called Wardrop’s third principle, the time-versus-cost network equilibrium and system optimum problem with fixed demand. To realize a target flow pattern through imposing...

A general dynamical system model with link-based variables is formulated to characterize the processes of achieving equilibria from a non-equilibrium state in traffic networks. Several desirable properties of the dynamical system model are established, including the equivalence between its...